I wonder if increased reliance on VPPs increases the difficulty of a black start. Especially since these things are internet controlled, I can't help but feel like there's a bit of a circular dependency. Can't coordinate the VPP without internet, can't have internet without power, can we black start without coordinating the VPP?
That's an interesting question. I would think that it depends on what generation the batteries are replacing. As far as I know VPPs are relying on domestic inverters that do not have grid forming functionality required for black start. So you essentially have less plant capable of black start which I would think makes your black start capability worse.
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